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51.
设计了1个采样点/1km2、1个组合样/4km2,1个采样点/100~1000km2和1个采样点/1000~10000km23个层次的采样密度,系统研究了泛滥平原沉积物的超低密度采样代表性。运用统计学原理对泛滥平原沉积物中30~40余种元素进行正态母体显著性检验、t检验及对多元素总体的灰关联分析,表明用1个采样点/1000~10000km2的采样密度采集的泛滥平原沉积物具有代表性。因此建议在国际地球化学填图中用泛滥平原沉积物作为全球超低密度地球化学填图的采样介质。 相似文献
52.
Organophosphate and phthalate esters in air and settled dust - a multi-location indoor study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper reports the abundance in indoor air and dust of eleven organophosphate esters and six phthalate esters. Both groups of these semi-volatile compounds are widely incorporated as additives into plastic materials used in the indoor environment, thus contributing to indoor exposure to industrial chemicals. Thirty sampling sites representing three different indoor environments (private homes, day care centers, and workplaces) in the Stockholm area, Sweden, were selected to obtain representative concentration profiles in both ambient air and settled dust. Eight of the target organophosphate esters and all six phthalate esters were found in both air and dust samples at all locations. The phthalate esters were more abundant than the organophosphate esters, typically ten times higher total concentrations. Especially interesting were the high levels of tributoxyethyl phosphate in the day care centers, the relatively high levels of chlorinated organophosphate esters in the air of workplaces and the overall high levels of diethylhexyl phthalate in dust. The air concentration profiles of the phosphate esters differed significantly between the three indoor environments, whereas the concentration profiles of the phthalate esters as well as their total concentrations were similar. The correlation between concentrations found in air and in dust was found to be weak. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Organophosphate esters and phthalate esters are commonly used as additives in numerous building materials and consumer products. The use of these compounds is increasing, and phosphate and phthalate esters are to be regarded as ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment. These compounds comprise a number of different compounds that have been associated with biologic effects in animal studies as well as in humans. Thus, it is of concern to increase the knowledge about human exposure of these compounds because of their presence in indoor air. In this paper, thirty indoor environments have been surveyed with respect to seventeen of the most abundant of these compounds. 相似文献
53.
介绍了采用静压平衡等速取样技术测定煤气含尘量的原理、装置与方法。取样时通过控制采样流量,使样气流速模拟取样点管道中煤气流速达到等速取样的条件。该技术操作简单、取样时间短且准确度高,适用于周期性回收转炉煤气的测尘。 相似文献
54.
Peter F. Johnson 《Fire Technology》1986,22(1):14-32
A recent fire in a computer center in Canberra, Australia, prompted an investigation of the installed smoke detection system. The opportunity was also taken to evaluate alternate detection equipment in the actual center under operational conditions. One device tested was VESDA, a new highly sensitive smoke detector developed in Australia for clean occupancies such as computer rooms and telephone exchanges. Details of the test program and the effects of high room airflows on all forms of detectors are presented. The effectiveness of VESDA in giving very early warning of fire is demonstrated.
Reference: Peter F. Johnson, Fire Detection in Computer Facilities,Fire Technology, Vol. 22, No. 1, February 1986, p. 14.
Note: This paper is a modified version of a CIRL Major Report No. 251, 1984, prepared for Department of Housing and Construction, Canberra, Australia. 相似文献
55.
A reliability analysis method is proposed in this paper through a combination of the advantages of the response surface method (RSM), finite element method (FEM), first-order reliability method (FORM) and the importance sampling updating method. The method is especially applicable for the reliability evaluation of complex structures of which the limit state surfaces are not known explicitly. After the accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated through numerical examples, the method is used to estimate the flutter reliability of a suspension bridge. The uncertainties such as material properties, geometric parameters, structural damping ratio, flutter derivatives and extreme wind velocity at the bridge site are considered. The example suspension bridge is the Jiang Yin Bridge with a main span length of 1385 m built in China. The results show that the proposed method based on an empirical formula in which the limit state function is explicitly represented as a function of variables overestimates the flutter reliability of suspension bridges. The actual flutter reliability should be more accurately analyzed using the proposed method based on the deterministic finite element method in which the limit state function is implicitly represented as a function of variables. Finally, the most influential random variables on flutter reliability of suspension bridges are identified by using a sensitivity analysis. 相似文献
56.
Variable methods of dust collection may lead to uncertainty in the measurement of biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two different dust collection devices on dust weight, Der p 1, Fel d 1, and endotoxin levels. We compared: (1) a nylon mesh sock inserted between the furniture attachment and the vacuum hose (the reference method) and (2) the ALK device. Duplicate dust samples were collected for 2 min from 2 m(2) of 37 living room floors and from each longitudinal half of 37 mattresses. Measurement of Der p 1 and Fel d 1 were by double monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and endotoxin by a Limulus Amobocyte Lysate assay. Geometric mean ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated to show the differences between sampling devices for each measurement. Compared with the ALK device, the reference method collected significantly more dust from floors (sevenfold) and mattresses (threefold) and more total Der p 1, Fel d 1, and endotoxin in both sites. Floor, but not mattress, Der p 1 concentrations were also significantly higher (threefold) using our reference method. We recommend that, in order to minimize sampling device bias, allergen and endotoxin are expressed as a concentration, and that the bed is considered the major source of allergen exposure. Practical Implications Dust sampling equipment can influence the dust yield. In order to have confidence in comparisons of allergen and endotoxin reservoir levels between centers, standardization in the use of sampling equipment is important. 相似文献
57.
58.
利用室内试验手段研究了不同备样方法对标准吸湿含水率的影响。研究结果表明:原状样和调制样的试验结果大于风干样和烘干样;原状样与其他3种备样方法的试验结果呈线性关系,相关系数的平方为0.94~0.97,说明在原状样缺乏时可采用其他备样方法的试验结果来代替,但必须对其进行修正。 相似文献
59.
60.
Computational probabilistic methods enable us to incorporate and propagate uncertainties in mechanical models. However, in some cases, classical methods, such as FORM/SORM methods and Monte-Carlo methods, can be computationally expensive or inaccurate. An efficient importance sampling method is then suggested to yield sufficiently accurate results with acceptable computational cost in an industrial context. The method is an importance sampling method based on a second order asymptotic approximation combined with the HyperCube Latin method. A clustering method is used to solve the global optimization problem which arises to find the points of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the method compared to classical methods is illustrated with several examples. Considerable reduction of the statistical error of the estimated failure probability can be achieved. The interest of the method is assured provided the points of local maximum likelihood are not too numerous and uniformly distributed. The paper presents two vibratory test cases, the second one is an industrial piping system. 相似文献